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With further understanding of these mechanisms, we may eventually be able to correct the abnormal development and the malfunctioning of many organs by therapeutically modulating the morphology and/or physiological function of the vascular system.Our further understanding of the vascular development can, in part, be achieved by discovering the molecules that play critical roles in this process. Our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the formation of the vascular system during development is still in its infancy. Normal development and maturation of the physiological functions of almost all of the other organs are critically dependent on the accurate and tightly controlled establishment of the vascular system. IntroductionThe vascular system is one of the first organ systems to develop in our bodies. This is followed by a discussion of alternative policy and regulatory approaches to managing and expanding the cassava seed system, emphasizing a more decentralized approach that prioritizes investment in innovative capacity at the community and enterprise levels. We then explore the ground realities-how farmers actually acquire and use cassava planting material-given the (weak) state of markets and regulation. We describe the market, non-market, and regulatory systems that shape the cassava seed market in Nigeria, focusing on effectiveness, influence, and reach. The paper examines the production and supply of cassava planting material, the influence of various quality assurance systems on production and supply, and the implications for smallholder farmers in Nigeria. This paper explores these issues in the context of the cassava seed system in Nigeria by drawing on (1) prior research, public policy documents, and government statistics (2) key informant interviews and focus group discussions with seed system actors and (3) a unique dataset from the 2015 Cassava Monitoring Survey of Nigeria (CMS). This suggests that continued investment in new technologies and systems to produce, package, and distribute VPC planting materials will require customized policies and policy support if these systems are to supply farmers with quality planting material at any significant and sustained scale. Efforts to improve the quality of planting material exchanged in markets or through other channels are often hampered by the unique biological and economic characteristics of vegetative propagation-characteristics that distinguish VPCs from the major cereal crops that drive and shape the policy and investment choices made in many of these countries. Yet yields for these crops remain at low levels due, in part, to the persistent use of low-quality planting material. In many African countries south of the Sahara, farmers depend on the cultivation of vegetatively propagated crops (VPCs) for both consumption and commercial purposes. The intermediate system shows promise, but while some improvements have been made in the formal system, vested political, organizational, and economic interests within key institutions represent major obstacles that must be overcome to achieve truly integrative and inclusive seed sector development.
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We find that the interventions prioritized in the PSSDS address most of the seed security challenges and seed system dysfunctions identified, but implementation lags, particularly for the informal seed system, which is largely neglected by government programs. Evidence of seed insecurity was found in both districts, as apparent from discrepancies between what the seed farmers say they prefer and those they actually use, limited availability of improved varieties and especially certified seeds of these, challenges with seed quality from some sources, and differentiated access to preferred seed and information according to sex, age and wealth.
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Farmers in both districts used a range of seed sources but primarily obtained their seeds from informal sources. Our analysis is based on quantitative and qualitative information from a household survey and focus group discussions with farmers, as well as document review and key informant interviews with actors that make up the seed sector in the study sites. Here, we compare seed systems in two districts of Central Ethiopia characterized by subsistence-oriented teff cultivation and commercially oriented wheat production and relate this to the country’s pluralistic seed system development strategy (PSSDS). Seed security is central to crop production for smallholder farmers in developing countries, but it remains understudied in relation to long-term seed sector development.